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# THE SUPER TINY COMPILER
Welcome to The Super Tiny Compiler. It's an ultra simplified example of all the
major pieces of a modern compiler written in easy to read JavaScript. Reading
through it can help you learn about how most compilers work end to end.
### Why should I care?
That's fair, most people don't really have to think about compilers in their day
jobs. However, compilers are all around you, tons of the tools you use are based
on concepts borrowed from compilers.
### But compilers are scary!
Yes, they are. But that's our fault (the people who write compilers), we've
taken something that is reasonably straightforward and made it so scary that
most think of it as this totally unapproachable thing that only the nerdiest of
the nerds are able to understand.
### Okay so where do I begin?
Awesome! Head on over to the [super-tiny-compiler.js](super-tiny-compiler.js)
file.
### I'm back, that didn't make sense
Ouch, I'm really sorry. I'm planning on doing a lot more work on this to add
inline annotations. If you want to come back when that's done, you can either
watch/star this repo or follow me on
[twitter](https://twitter.com/thejameskyle) for updates.
---
[![cc-by-4.0](https://licensebuttons.net/l/by/4.0/80x15.png)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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/**
* TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
* T:::::::::::::::::::::TH:::::::H H:::::::HE::::::::::::::::::::E
* T:::::::::::::::::::::TH:::::::H H:::::::HE::::::::::::::::::::E
* T:::::TT:::::::TT:::::THH::::::H H::::::HHEE::::::EEEEEEEEE::::E
* TTTTTT T:::::T TTTTTT H:::::H H:::::H E:::::E EEEEEE
* T:::::T H:::::H H:::::H E:::::E
* T:::::T H::::::HHHHH::::::H E::::::EEEEEEEEEE
* T:::::T H:::::::::::::::::H E:::::::::::::::E
* T:::::T H:::::::::::::::::H E:::::::::::::::E
* T:::::T H::::::HHHHH::::::H E::::::EEEEEEEEEE
* T:::::T H:::::H H:::::H E:::::E
* T:::::T H:::::H H:::::H E:::::E EEEEEE
* TT:::::::TT HH::::::H H::::::HHEE::::::EEEEEEEE:::::E
* T:::::::::T H:::::::H H:::::::HE::::::::::::::::::::E
* T:::::::::T H:::::::H H:::::::HE::::::::::::::::::::E
* TTTTTTTTTTT HHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
*
* SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS UUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEERRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
* SS:::::::::::::::SU::::::U U::::::UP::::::::::::::::P E::::::::::::::::::::ER::::::::::::::::R
* S:::::SSSSSS::::::SU::::::U U::::::UP::::::PPPPPP:::::P E::::::::::::::::::::ER::::::RRRRRR:::::R
* S:::::S SSSSSSSUU:::::U U:::::UUPP:::::P P:::::PEE::::::EEEEEEEEE::::ERR:::::R R:::::R
* S:::::S U:::::U U:::::U P::::P P:::::P E:::::E EEEEEE R::::R R:::::R
* S:::::S U:::::D D:::::U P::::P P:::::P E:::::E R::::R R:::::R
* S::::SSSS U:::::D D:::::U P::::PPPPPP:::::P E::::::EEEEEEEEEE R::::RRRRRR:::::R
* SS::::::SSSSS U:::::D D:::::U P:::::::::::::PP E:::::::::::::::E R:::::::::::::RR
* SSS::::::::SS U:::::D D:::::U P::::PPPPPPPPP E:::::::::::::::E R::::RRRRRR:::::R
* SSSSSS::::S U:::::D D:::::U P::::P E::::::EEEEEEEEEE R::::R R:::::R
* S:::::S U:::::D D:::::U P::::P E:::::E R::::R R:::::R
* S:::::S U::::::U U::::::U P::::P E:::::E EEEEEE R::::R R:::::R
* SSSSSSS S:::::S U:::::::UUU:::::::U PP::::::PP EE::::::EEEEEEEE:::::ERR:::::R R:::::R
* S::::::SSSSSS:::::S UU:::::::::::::UU P::::::::P E::::::::::::::::::::ER::::::R R:::::R
* S:::::::::::::::SS UU:::::::::UU P::::::::P E::::::::::::::::::::ER::::::R R:::::R
* SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS UUUUUUUUU PPPPPPPPPP EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEERRRRRRRR RRRRRRR
*
* TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTIIIIIIIIIINNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNYYYYYYY YYYYYYY
* T:::::::::::::::::::::TI::::::::IN:::::::N N::::::NY:::::Y Y:::::Y
* T:::::::::::::::::::::TI::::::::IN::::::::N N::::::NY:::::Y Y:::::Y
* T:::::TT:::::::TT:::::TII::::::IIN:::::::::N N::::::NY::::::Y Y::::::Y
* TTTTTT T:::::T TTTTTT I::::I N::::::::::N N::::::NYYY:::::Y Y:::::YYY
* T:::::T I::::I N:::::::::::N N::::::N Y:::::Y Y:::::Y
* T:::::T I::::I N:::::::N::::N N::::::N Y:::::Y:::::Y
* T:::::T I::::I N::::::N N::::N N::::::N Y:::::::::Y
* T:::::T I::::I N::::::N N::::N:::::::N Y:::::::Y
* T:::::T I::::I N::::::N N:::::::::::N Y:::::Y
* T:::::T I::::I N::::::N N::::::::::N Y:::::Y
* T:::::T I::::I N::::::N N:::::::::N Y:::::Y
* TT:::::::TT II::::::IIN::::::N N::::::::N Y:::::Y
* T:::::::::T I::::::::IN::::::N N:::::::N YYYY:::::YYYY
* T:::::::::T I::::::::IN::::::N N::::::N Y:::::::::::Y
* TTTTTTTTTTT IIIIIIIIIINNNNNNNN NNNNNNN YYYYYYYYYYYYY
*
* CCCCCCCCCCCCC OOOOOOOOO MMMMMMMM MMMMMMMMPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP IIIIIIIIIILLLLLLLLLLL EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEERRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
* CCC::::::::::::C OO:::::::::OO M:::::::M M:::::::MP::::::::::::::::P I::::::::IL:::::::::L E::::::::::::::::::::ER::::::::::::::::R
* CC:::::::::::::::C OO:::::::::::::OO M::::::::M M::::::::MP::::::PPPPPP:::::P I::::::::IL:::::::::L E::::::::::::::::::::ER::::::RRRRRR:::::R
* C:::::CCCCCCCC::::CO:::::::OOO:::::::OM:::::::::M M:::::::::MPP:::::P P:::::PII::::::IILL:::::::LL EE::::::EEEEEEEEE::::ERR:::::R R:::::R
* C:::::C CCCCCCO::::::O O::::::OM::::::::::M M::::::::::M P::::P P:::::P I::::I L:::::L E:::::E EEEEEE R::::R R:::::R
* C:::::C O:::::O O:::::OM:::::::::::M M:::::::::::M P::::P P:::::P I::::I L:::::L E:::::E R::::R R:::::R
* C:::::C O:::::O O:::::OM:::::::M::::M M::::M:::::::M P::::PPPPPP:::::P I::::I L:::::L E::::::EEEEEEEEEE R::::RRRRRR:::::R
* C:::::C O:::::O O:::::OM::::::M M::::M M::::M M::::::M P:::::::::::::PP I::::I L:::::L E:::::::::::::::E R:::::::::::::RR
* C:::::C O:::::O O:::::OM::::::M M::::M::::M M::::::M P::::PPPPPPPPP I::::I L:::::L E:::::::::::::::E R::::RRRRRR:::::R
* C:::::C O:::::O O:::::OM::::::M M:::::::M M::::::M P::::P I::::I L:::::L E::::::EEEEEEEEEE R::::R R:::::R
* C:::::C O:::::O O:::::OM::::::M M:::::M M::::::M P::::P I::::I L:::::L E:::::E R::::R R:::::R
* C:::::C CCCCCCO::::::O O::::::OM::::::M MMMMM M::::::M P::::P I::::I L:::::L LLLLLL E:::::E EEEEEE R::::R R:::::R
* C:::::CCCCCCCC::::CO:::::::OOO:::::::OM::::::M M::::::MPP::::::PP II::::::IILL:::::::LLLLLLLLL:::::LEE::::::EEEEEEEE:::::ERR:::::R R:::::R
* CC:::::::::::::::C OO:::::::::::::OO M::::::M M::::::MP::::::::P I::::::::IL::::::::::::::::::::::LE::::::::::::::::::::ER::::::R R:::::R
* CCC::::::::::::C OO:::::::::OO M::::::M M::::::MP::::::::P I::::::::IL::::::::::::::::::::::LE::::::::::::::::::::ER::::::R R:::::R
* CCCCCCCCCCCCC OOOOOOOOO MMMMMMMM MMMMMMMMPPPPPPPPPP IIIIIIIIIILLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEERRRRRRRR RRRRRRR
*
* =======================================================================================================================================================================
* =======================================================================================================================================================================
* =======================================================================================================================================================================
* =======================================================================================================================================================================
*/
/**
* ============================================================================
* (/^▽^)/
* THE TOKENIZER!
* ============================================================================
*/
function tokenizer(input) {
var current = 0;
var tokens = [];
while (current < input.length) {
var char = input[current];
if (char === '(') {
tokens.push({
type: 'paren',
value: '('
});
current++;
continue;
}
if (char === ')') {
tokens.push({
type: 'paren',
value: ')'
});
current++;
continue;
}
var WHITESPACE = /\s/;
if (WHITESPACE.test(char)) {
current++;
continue;
}
var NUMBERS = /[0-9]/;
if (NUMBERS.test(char)) {
var value = '';
while (NUMBERS.test(char)) {
value += char;
char = input[++current];
}
tokens.push({
type: 'number',
value: value
});
continue;
}
var LETTERS = /[a-zA-Z]/;
if (LETTERS.test(char)) {
var value = '';
while (LETTERS.test(char)) {
value += char;
char = input[++current];
}
tokens.push({
type: 'name',
value: value
});
continue;
}
throw new TypeError('I dont know what this character is: ' + char);
}
return tokens;
}
/**
* ============================================================================
* ヽ/❀o ل͜ o\ﾉ
* THE PARSER!!!
* ============================================================================
*/
function parser(tokens) {
var current = 0;
function walk() {
var token = tokens[current];
if (token.type === 'number') {
current++;
return {
type: 'NumberLiteral',
value: token.value
};
}
if (
token.type === 'paren' &&
token.value === '('
) {
current++;
var node = {
type: 'CallExpression',
name: tokens[current].value,
params: []
};
current++;
while (
token.type !== 'paren' ||
token.value !== ')'
) {
node.params.push(walk());
token = tokens[current];
}
current++;
return node;
}
throw new TypeError(token.type);
}
var program = {
type: 'Program',
body: []
};
while (current < tokens.length) {
program.body.push(walk());
}
return program;
}
/**
* ============================================================================
* ⌒(❀>◞౪◟<❀)⌒
* THE TRAVERSER!!!
* ============================================================================
*/
function traverser(program, visitor) {
function traverseArray(array, parent) {
array.forEach(function(child) {
traverseNode(child, parent);
});
}
function traverseNode(node, parent) {
var method = visitor[node.type];
if (method) {
method(node, parent);
}
switch (node.type) {
case 'Program':
traverseArray(node.body, node);
break;
case 'CallExpression':
traverseArray(node.params, node);
break;
case 'NumberLiteral':
break;
default:
throw new TypeError(node.type);
}
}
traverseNode(program, null);
}
/**
* ============================================================================
* ⁽(◍˃̵͈̑ᴗ˂̵͈̑)⁽
* THE TRANSFORMER!!!
* ============================================================================
*/
function transformer(program) {
var ast = {
type: 'Program',
body: []
};
program._context = ast.body;
traverser(program, {
NumberLiteral: function(node, parent) {
parent._context.push({
type: 'NumberLiteral',
value: node.value
});
},
CallExpression: function(node, parent) {
var expression = {
type: 'CallExpression',
callee: {
type: 'Identifier',
name: node.name
},
arguments: []
};
node._context = expression.arguments;
if (parent.type !== 'CallExpression') {
expression = {
type: 'ExpressionStatement',
expression: expression
};
}
parent._context.push(expression);
}
});
return ast;
}
/**
* ============================================================================
* ヾ（〃＾∇＾）ﾉ♪
* THE CODE GENERATOR!!!!
* ============================================================================
*/
function codeGenerator(node) {
switch (node.type) {
case 'Program':
return node.body.map(codeGenerator)
.join('\n');
case 'ExpressionStatement':
return (
codeGenerator(node.expression) +
';'
);
case 'CallExpression':
return (
codeGenerator(node.callee) +
'(' +
node.arguments.map(codeGenerator)
.join(', ') +
')'
);
case 'Identifier':
return node.name;
case 'NumberLiteral':
return node.value;
default:
throw new TypeError(node.type);
}
}
/**
* ============================================================================
* (۶* ‘ヮ’)۶”
* !!!!!!!!THE COMPILER!!!!!!!!
* ============================================================================
*/
function compiler(input) {
var tokens = tokenizer(input);
var ast = parser(tokens);
var newAst = transformer(ast);
var output = codeGenerator(newAst);
return output;
}
/**
* ============================================================================
* (๑˃̵ᴗ˂̵)و
* !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!YOU MADE IT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
* ============================================================================
*/
// Now I'm just exporting everything...
module.exports = {
tokenizer: tokenizer,
parser: parser,
transformer: transformer,
codeGenerator: codeGenerator,
compiler: compiler
};